Prodigal Genius
BIOGRAPHY OF NIKOLA TESLA
1994 Brotherhood of Life, Inc.,
110 Dartmouth, SE, Albuquerque,
New Mexico 87106 USA
"SPECTACULAR" is a mild word for describing the strange
experiment with life that comprises the story of Nikola
Tesla, and "amazing" fails to do adequate justice to the
results that burst from his experiences like an exploding
rocket. It is the story of the dazzling scintillations of a
superman who created a new world; it is a story that
condemns woman as an anchor of the flesh which retards the
development of man and limits his accomplishment--and,
paradoxically, proves that even the most successful life,
if it does not include a woman, is a dismal failure.
Even the gods of old, in the wildest imaginings of their
worshipers, never undertook such gigantic tasks of worldwide
dimension as those which Tesla attempted and
accomplished. On the basis of his hopes, his dreams, and
his achievements he rated the status of the Olympian gods,
and the Greeks would have so enshrined him. Little is the
wonder that so-called practical men, with their noses stuck
in profit-and-loss statements, did not understand him and
thought him strange.
The light of human progress is not a dim glow that
gradually becomes more luminous with time. The panorama of
human evolution is illumined by sudden bursts of dazzling
brilliance in intellectual accomplishments that throw their
beams far ahead to give us a glimpse of the distant future,
that we may more correctly guide our wavering steps today.
Tesla, by virtue of the amazing discoveries and inventions
which he showered on the world, becomes one of the most
resplendent flashes that has ever brightened the scroll of
human advancement.
Tesla created the modern era; he was unquestionably one of
the world's greatest geniuses, but he leaves no offspring,
no legatees of his brilliant mind, who might aid in
administering that world; he created fortunes for
multitudes of others but himself died penniless, spurning
wealth that might be gained from his discoveries. Even as
he walked among the teeming millions of New York he became
a fabled individual who seemed to belong to the far-distant
future or to have come to us from the mystical realm of the
gods, for he seemed to be an admixture of a Jupiter or a
Thor who hurled the shafts of lightning; an Ajax who defied
the Jovian bolts; a Prometheus who transmuted energy into
electricity to spread over the earth; an Aurora who would
light the skies as a terrestrial electric lamp; a Mazda who
created a sun in a tube; a Hercules who shook the earth
with his mechanical vibrators; a Mercury who bridged the
ambient realms of space with his wireless waves--and a
Hermes who gave birth to an electrical soul in the earth
that set it pulsating from pole to pole.
This spark of intellectual incandescence, in the form of a
rare creative genius, shot like a meteor into the midst of
human society in the latter decades of the past century;
and he lived almost until today. His name became synonymous
with magic in the intellectual, scientific, engineering and
social worlds, and he was recognized as an inventor and
discoverer of unrivaled greatness. He made the electric
current his slave. At a time when electricity was
considered almost an occult force, and was looked upon with
terror-stricken awe and respect, Tesla penetrated deeply
into its mysteries and performed so many marvelous feats
with it that, to the world, he became a master magician
with an unlimited repertoire of scientific legerdemain so
spectacular that it made the accomplishments of most of the
inventors of his day seem like the work of toy-tinkers.
Tesla was an inventor, but he was much more than a producer
of new devices: he was a discoverer of new principles,
opening many new empires of knowledge which even today have
been only partly explored. In a single mighty burst of
invention he created the world of power of today; he
brought into being our electrical power era, the rockbottom
foundation on which the industrial system of the
entire world is builded; he gave us our mass-production
system, for without his motors and currents it could not
exist; he created the race of robots, the electrical
mechanical men that are replacing human labor; he gave us
every essential of modern radio; he invented the radar
forty years before its use in World War II; he gave us our
modern neon and other forms of gaseous-tube lighting; he
gave us our fluorescent lighting; he gave us the highfrequency
currents which are performing their electronic
wonders throughout the industrial and medical worlds; he
gave us remote control by wireless; he helped give us World
War II, much against his will--for the misuse of his
superpower system and his robot controls in industry made
it possible for politicians to have available a tremendous
surplus of power, production facilities, labor and
materials, with which to indulge in the most frightful
devastating war that the maniacal mind could conceive. And
these discoveries are merely the inventions made by the
master mind of Tesla which have thus far been utilized--
scores of others remain still unused.
Yet Tesla lived and labored to bring peace to the world. He
dedicated his life to lifting the burdens from the
shoulders of mankind; to bringing a new era of peace,
plenty and happiness to the human race. Seeing the coming
of World War II, implemented and powered by his
discoveries, he sought to prevent it; offered the world a
device which he maintained would make any country, no
matter how small, safe within its borders--and his offer
was rejected.
More important by far, however, than all his stupendously
significant electrical discoveries is that supreme
invention--Nikola Tesla the Superman--the human instrument
which shoved the world forward with an accelerating lunge
like an airplane cast into the sky from a catapult. Tesla,
the scientist and inventor, was himself an invention, just
as much as was his alternating-current system that put the
world on a superpower basis.
Tesla was a superman, a self-made superman, invented and
designed specifically to perform wonders; and he achieved
them in a volume far beyond the capacity of the world to
absorb. His life he designed on engineering principles to
enable him to serve as an automaton, with utmost
efficiency, for the discovery and application of the forces
of Nature to human welfare. To this end he sacrificed love
and pleasure, seeking satisfaction only in his
accomplishments, and limiting his body solely to serving as
a tool of his technically creative mind.
With our modern craze for division of labor and
specialization of effort to gain efficiency of production
in our industrial machine, one hesitates to think of a
future in which Tesla's invention of the superman might be
applied to the entire human race, with specialization
designed for every individual from birth.
The superman that Tesla designed was a scientific saint.
The inventions that this scientific martyr produced were
designed for the peace, happiness and security of the human
race, but they have been applied to create scarcity,
depressions and devastating war. Suppose the superman
invention were also developed and prostituted to the
purposes of war-mongering politicians? Tesla glimpsed the
possibilities and suggested the community life of the bee
as a threat to our social structure unless the elements of
individual and community lives are properly directed and
personal freedom protected.
Tesla's superman was a marvelously successful invention--
for Tesla--which seemed, as far as the world could observe,
to function satisfactorily. He eliminated love from his
life; eliminated women even from his thoughts. He went
beyond Plato, who conceived of a spiritual companionship
between man and woman free from sexual desires; he
eliminated even the spiritual companionship. He designed
the isolated life into which no woman and no man could
enter; the self-suficient individuality from which all sex
considerations were completely eliminated; the genius who
would live entirely as a thinking and a working machine.
Tesla's superman invention was a producer of marvels, and
he thought that he had, by scientific methods, succeeded in
eliminating love from his life. That abnormal life makes a
fascinating experiment for the consideration of the
philosopher and psychologist, for he did not succeed in
eliminating love. It manifested itself despite his
conscientious efforts at suppression; and when it did so it
came in the most fantastic form, providing a romance the
like of which is not recorded in the annals of human
history.
Tesla's whole life seems unreal, as if he were a fabled
creature of some Olympian world. A reporter, after writing
a story of his discoveries and inventions, concluded, "His
accomplishments seem like the dream of an intoxicated god."
It was Tesla's invention of the polyphase alternatingcurrent
system that was directly responsible for harnessing
Niagara Falls and opened the modern electrical superpower
era in which electricity is transported for hundred of
miles, to operate the tens of thousands of mass-production
factories of industrial systems. Every one of the tall
Martian-like towers of the electrical transmission lines
that stalk across the earth, and whose wires carryelectricity to distant cities, is a monument to Tesla;
every powerhouse, every dynamo and every motor that drives
every machine in the country is a monument to him.
Superseding himself, he discovered the secret of
transmitting electrical power to the utmost ends of the
earth without wires, and demonstrated his system by which
useful amounts of power could be drawn from the earth
anywhere merely by making a connection to the ground; he
set the entire earth in electrical vibration with a
generator which spouted lightning that rivaled the fiery
artillery of the heavens. It was as a minor portion of this
discovery that he created the modern radio system; he
planned our broadcasting methods of today, forty years ago
when others saw in wireless only the dot-dash messages that
might save ships in distress.
He produced lamps of greater brilliance and economy than those in common use today; he invented the tube, fluorescent and wireless lamps which we now consider such up-to-the-minute developments; and he essayed to set the entire atmosphere of the earth aglow with his electric currents, to change our world into a single terrestrial lamp and to make the skies at night shine as does the sun by day. If other first-magnitude inventors and discoverers may be considered torches of progress, Tesla was a conflagration. He was the vehicle through which the blazing suns of a brighter tomorrow focused their incandescent beams on a world that was not prepared to receive their light. Nor is it remarkable that this radiant personality should have led a strange and isolated life. The value of his contributions to society cannot be overrated. we can now analyze, to some extent, the personality that produced them. He stands as a synthetic genius, a self-made superman, the greatest invention of the greatest inventor of all times. But when we consider Tesla as a human being, apart from his charming and captivating social manners, it is hard to imagine a worse nightmare than a world inhabited entirely by geniuses. When Nature makes an experiment and achieves an improvement it is necessary that it be accomplished in such a way that the progress will not be lost with the individual but will be passed on to future generations. In man, this requires a utilization of the social values of the race, cooperation
of the individual with his kind, that the improved status may be propagated and become a legacy of all. Tesla intentionally engineered love and women out of his life, and while he achieved gigantic intellectual stature, he failed to achieve its perpetuation either through his own progeny or through disciples. The superman he constructed was not great enough to embrace a wife and continue to exist as such. The love he sought to suppress in his life, and which he thought was associated only with women, is a force which, in its various aspects, links together all members of the human race.
In seeking to suppress this force entirely Tesla severed the bonds which might have brought to him the disciples who would, through other channels, have perpetuated the force of his prodigal genius. As a result, he succeeded in imparting to the world only the smallest fraction of the creative products of his synthetic superman. The creation of a superman as demonstrated by Tesla was a grand experiment in human evolution, well worthy of the giant intellect that grew out of it, but it did not come up to Nature's standards; and the experiment will have to be made many times more before we learn how to create a super race with the minds of Teslas that can tap the hidden treasury of Nature's store of knowledge, yet endowed too with the vital power of love that will unlock forces, more powerful than any which we now glimpse, for advancing the status of the human race. There was no evidence whatever that a superman was being born
when the stroke of midnight between July 9 and 10, in the year 1856, brought a son, Nikola, to the home of the Rev. Milutin Tesla and Djouka, his wife, in the hamlet of Smiljan, in the Austro-Hungarian border province of Lika, now a part of Yugoslavia. The father of the new arrival, pastor of the village church, was a former student in an oficers' training school who had rebelled against the restrictions of Army life and turned to the ministry as the field in which he could more satisfactorily express himself. The mother, although totally unable to read or write, was nevertheless an intellectually brilliant woman, who without the help of literal aids became really well educated.
Both father and mother contributed to the child a valuable heritage of culture developed and passed on by ancestral families that had been community leaders for many generations. The father came from a family that contributed sons in equal numbers to the Church and to the Army. The mother was a member of the Mandich family whose sons, for generations without number, had, with very few exceptions, become ministers of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and whose daughters were chosen as wives by ministers. Djouka, the mother of Nikola Tesla (her given name in English translation would be Georgina), was the eldest daughter in a family of seven children. Her father, like her husband, was a minister of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Her mother, after a period of failing eyesight, had become blind shortly after the seventh child was born; so Djouka, the eldest daughter, at a tender age was compelled to take over the major share of her mother's duties. This not alone prevented her from attending school: her work at home so completely consumed her time that she was unable to acquire even the rudiments of reading and writing through home study. This was a strange situation in the cultured family of which she was a member. Tesla, however, always credited his unlettered mother rather than his erudite father with being the source from which he inherited his inventive ability. She devised many household labor-saving instruments. She was, in addition, a very practical individual, and her well-educated husband wisely left in her hands all business matters involving both the church and his household. An unusually retentive memory served this remarkable woman as a good substitute for literacy. As the family moved in cultured circles she absorbed by ear much of the cultural riches of the community. She could repeat, without error or omission, thousands of verses of the national poetry of her country--the sagas of the Serbs--and could recite long passages from the Bible. She could narrate from memory the entire poetical- philosophical work Gorski ffenac (Mountain fireath), written by Bishop Petrovich Njegosh. She also possessed artistic talent and a versatile dexterity in her fingers for expressing it. She earned wide fame throughout the countryside for her beautiful needlework. According to Tesla, so great were her dexterity and her patience that she could, when over sixty, using only her fingers, tie three knots in an eyelash.
The remarkable abilities of this clever woman who had no formal education were transmitted to her five children. The elder son, Dane Tesla, born seven years before Nikola, was the family favorite because of the promise of an outstanding career which his youthful cleverness indicated was in store for him. He foreshadowed in his early years the strange manifestations which in his surviving brother were a prelude to greatness. Tesla's father started his career in the military service, a likely choice for the son of an oficer; but he apparently did not inherit his father's liking for Army life. So slight an incident as criticism for failure to keep his brass buttons brightly polished caused him to leave military school. He was probably more of a poet and philosopher than a soldier. He wrote poetry which was published in contemporary papers. He also wrote articles on current problems which he signed with a pseudonym, "Srbin Pravicich." This, in Serb, means "Man of Justice." He spoke, read and wrote Serbo-Croat, German and Italian. It was probably his interest in poetry and philosophy that caused him to be attracted to Djouka Mandich. She was twenty-five and Milutin was two years older. He married her in 1847. His attraction to the daughter of a pastor probably influenced his next choice of a career, for he then entered the ministry and was soon ordained a priest. He was made pastor of the church at Senj, an important seaport with facilities for a cultural life. He gave satisfaction, but apparently he achieved success among his parishioners on the basis of a pleasing personality and an understanding of problems rather than by using any great erudition in theological and ecclesiastical matters. A few years after he was placed in charge of this parish, a new archbishop, elevated to head of the diocese, wished to survey the capabilities of the priests in his charge and offered a prize for the best sermon preached on his oficial visit. The Rev. Milutin Tesla was bubbling over, at the time, with interest in labor as a major factor in social and economic problems. To preach a sermon on this topic was, from the viewpoint of expediency, a totally impractical thing to do. Nobody, however, had ever accused the Rev. Mr. Tesla of being practical, so doing the impractical thing was quite in harmony with his nature. He chose the subject which held his greatest interest; and when the archbishop arrived, he listened to a sermon on "Labor." Months later Senj was surprised by an unanticipated visit from the archbishop, who announced that the Rev. Mr. Tesla had preached the best sermon, and awarded him a red sash which he was privileged to wear on all occasions. Shortly afterward he was made pastor at Smiljan, where his parish then embraced forty homes. He was later placed in charge of the much larger parish in the nearby city of Gospic. His first three children, Milka, Dane and Angelina, were born at Senj. Nikola and his younger sister, Marica, were born at Smiljan. Tesla's early environment, then, was that of an agricultural community in a high plateau region near the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea in the Velebit Mountains, a part of the Alps, a mountain chain stretching from Switzerland to Greece. He did not see his first steam locomotive until he was in his `teens, so his aptitude for mechanical matters did not grow out of his environment. Tesla's homeland is today called Yugoslavia, a country whose name means "Land of the Southern Slavs." It embraces several former separate countries, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Dalmatia and also Slovenia. The Tesla and Mandich families originally came from the western part of Serbia near Montenegro. Smiljan, the village where Tesla was born, is in the province of Lika, and at the time of his birth this was a dependent province held by the AustroHungarian Empire as part of Croatia and Slovenia. Tesla's surname dates back more than two and a half centuries. Before that time the family name was Draganic (pronounced as if spelled Drag'-a-nitch). The name Tesla (pronounced as spelled, with equal emphasis on both syllables), in a purely literal sense, is a trade name like Smith, firight or Carpenter. As a common noun it describes a woodworking tool which, in English, is called an adz. This is an axe with a broad cutting blade at right angles to the handle, instead of parallel as in the more familiar form. It is used in cutting large tree trunks into squared timbers. In the Serbo-Croat language, the name of the tool is tesla. There is a tradition in the Draganic family that the members of one branch were given the nickname "Tesla" because of an inherited trait which caused practically all of them to have very large, broad and protruding front teeth which greatly resembled the triangular blade of the adz. The name Draganic and derivatives of it appear frequently in other branches of the Tesla family as a given name. When used as a given name it is frequently translated "Charlotte," but as a generic term it holds the meaning "dear" and as a surname is translated "Darling." The majority of Tesla's ancestors for whom age records are available lived well beyond the average span of life for their times, but no definite record has been found of the ancestor who, Tesla claimed, lived to be one hundred and forty years of age. (His father died at the age of fiftynine, and his mother at seventy-one.) Although many of Tesla's ancestors were dark eyed, his eyes were a gray-blue. He claimed his eyes were originally darker, but that as a result of the excessive use of his brain their color changed. His mother's eyes, however, were gray and so are those of some of his nephews. It is probable, therefore, that his gray eyes were inherited, rather than faded by excessive use of the brain. Tesla grew to be very tall and very slender--tallness was a family and a national trait. When he attained full growth he was exactly two meters, or six feet two and one-quarter inches tall. while his body was slender, it was built within normal proportions. His hands, however, and particularly his thumbs, seemed unusually long. Nikola's older brother Dane was a brilliant boy and his parents gloried in their good fortune in being blessed with such a fine son. There was, however, a difference of seven years in the two boys' ages, and since the elder brother died as the result of an accident at the age of twelve, when Nikola was but five years old, a fair comparison of the two seems hardly possible. The loss of their first-born son was a great blow to his mother and father; the grief and regrets of the family were manifest in idealizing his talents and predicting possibilities of greatness he might have realized, and this situation was a challenge to Nikola in his youth. The superman Tesla developed out of the superboy Nikola. Forced to rise above the normal level by an urge to carry on for his dearly beloved departed brother, and also on his own account to exceed the great accomplishment his brother might have attained had he lived, he unconsciously drew upon strange resources within. The existence of these resources might have remained unsuspected for a lifetime, as happens with the run of individuals, if Nikola had not felt the necessity for creating a larger sphere of life for himself. He was aware as a boy that he was not like other boys in his thoughts, in his amusements and in his hobbies. He could do the things that other lads his age usually do, and many things that they could not do. It was these latter things that interested him most, and he could find no companions who would share his enthusiasms for them. This situation caused him to isolate himself from contemporaries, and made him aware that he was destined for an unusual place if not great accomplishments in life. His boyish mind was continually exploring realms which his years had not reached, and his boyhood attainments frequently were worthy of men of mature age. He had, of course, the usual experience of unusual incidents that fall to the lot of a small boy. One of the earliest events which Tesla recalled was a fall into a tank of hot milk that was being scalded in the process used by the natives of that region as a hygienic measure, anticipating the modern process of pasteurizing. Shortly afterward he was accidentally locked in a remote mountain chapel which was visited only at widely separated intervals. He spent the night in the small building before his absence was discovered and his possible hiding place determined. Living close to Nature, with ample opportunity for observing the flight of birds, which has ever filled men with envy, he did what many another boy has done with the same results. An umbrella, plus imagination, offered to him a certain solution of the problem of free flight through the air. The roof of a barn was his launching platform. The umbrella was large, but its condition was much the worse for many years of service; it turned inside out before the flight was well started. No bones were broken, but he was badly shaken up and spent the next six weeks in bed. Probably, though, he had better reason for making this experiment than most of the others who have tried it. He revealed that practically all his life he experienced a
He produced lamps of greater brilliance and economy than those in common use today; he invented the tube, fluorescent and wireless lamps which we now consider such up-to-the-minute developments; and he essayed to set the entire atmosphere of the earth aglow with his electric currents, to change our world into a single terrestrial lamp and to make the skies at night shine as does the sun by day. If other first-magnitude inventors and discoverers may be considered torches of progress, Tesla was a conflagration. He was the vehicle through which the blazing suns of a brighter tomorrow focused their incandescent beams on a world that was not prepared to receive their light. Nor is it remarkable that this radiant personality should have led a strange and isolated life. The value of his contributions to society cannot be overrated. we can now analyze, to some extent, the personality that produced them. He stands as a synthetic genius, a self-made superman, the greatest invention of the greatest inventor of all times. But when we consider Tesla as a human being, apart from his charming and captivating social manners, it is hard to imagine a worse nightmare than a world inhabited entirely by geniuses. When Nature makes an experiment and achieves an improvement it is necessary that it be accomplished in such a way that the progress will not be lost with the individual but will be passed on to future generations. In man, this requires a utilization of the social values of the race, cooperation
of the individual with his kind, that the improved status may be propagated and become a legacy of all. Tesla intentionally engineered love and women out of his life, and while he achieved gigantic intellectual stature, he failed to achieve its perpetuation either through his own progeny or through disciples. The superman he constructed was not great enough to embrace a wife and continue to exist as such. The love he sought to suppress in his life, and which he thought was associated only with women, is a force which, in its various aspects, links together all members of the human race.
In seeking to suppress this force entirely Tesla severed the bonds which might have brought to him the disciples who would, through other channels, have perpetuated the force of his prodigal genius. As a result, he succeeded in imparting to the world only the smallest fraction of the creative products of his synthetic superman. The creation of a superman as demonstrated by Tesla was a grand experiment in human evolution, well worthy of the giant intellect that grew out of it, but it did not come up to Nature's standards; and the experiment will have to be made many times more before we learn how to create a super race with the minds of Teslas that can tap the hidden treasury of Nature's store of knowledge, yet endowed too with the vital power of love that will unlock forces, more powerful than any which we now glimpse, for advancing the status of the human race. There was no evidence whatever that a superman was being born
when the stroke of midnight between July 9 and 10, in the year 1856, brought a son, Nikola, to the home of the Rev. Milutin Tesla and Djouka, his wife, in the hamlet of Smiljan, in the Austro-Hungarian border province of Lika, now a part of Yugoslavia. The father of the new arrival, pastor of the village church, was a former student in an oficers' training school who had rebelled against the restrictions of Army life and turned to the ministry as the field in which he could more satisfactorily express himself. The mother, although totally unable to read or write, was nevertheless an intellectually brilliant woman, who without the help of literal aids became really well educated.
Both father and mother contributed to the child a valuable heritage of culture developed and passed on by ancestral families that had been community leaders for many generations. The father came from a family that contributed sons in equal numbers to the Church and to the Army. The mother was a member of the Mandich family whose sons, for generations without number, had, with very few exceptions, become ministers of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and whose daughters were chosen as wives by ministers. Djouka, the mother of Nikola Tesla (her given name in English translation would be Georgina), was the eldest daughter in a family of seven children. Her father, like her husband, was a minister of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Her mother, after a period of failing eyesight, had become blind shortly after the seventh child was born; so Djouka, the eldest daughter, at a tender age was compelled to take over the major share of her mother's duties. This not alone prevented her from attending school: her work at home so completely consumed her time that she was unable to acquire even the rudiments of reading and writing through home study. This was a strange situation in the cultured family of which she was a member. Tesla, however, always credited his unlettered mother rather than his erudite father with being the source from which he inherited his inventive ability. She devised many household labor-saving instruments. She was, in addition, a very practical individual, and her well-educated husband wisely left in her hands all business matters involving both the church and his household. An unusually retentive memory served this remarkable woman as a good substitute for literacy. As the family moved in cultured circles she absorbed by ear much of the cultural riches of the community. She could repeat, without error or omission, thousands of verses of the national poetry of her country--the sagas of the Serbs--and could recite long passages from the Bible. She could narrate from memory the entire poetical- philosophical work Gorski ffenac (Mountain fireath), written by Bishop Petrovich Njegosh. She also possessed artistic talent and a versatile dexterity in her fingers for expressing it. She earned wide fame throughout the countryside for her beautiful needlework. According to Tesla, so great were her dexterity and her patience that she could, when over sixty, using only her fingers, tie three knots in an eyelash.
The remarkable abilities of this clever woman who had no formal education were transmitted to her five children. The elder son, Dane Tesla, born seven years before Nikola, was the family favorite because of the promise of an outstanding career which his youthful cleverness indicated was in store for him. He foreshadowed in his early years the strange manifestations which in his surviving brother were a prelude to greatness. Tesla's father started his career in the military service, a likely choice for the son of an oficer; but he apparently did not inherit his father's liking for Army life. So slight an incident as criticism for failure to keep his brass buttons brightly polished caused him to leave military school. He was probably more of a poet and philosopher than a soldier. He wrote poetry which was published in contemporary papers. He also wrote articles on current problems which he signed with a pseudonym, "Srbin Pravicich." This, in Serb, means "Man of Justice." He spoke, read and wrote Serbo-Croat, German and Italian. It was probably his interest in poetry and philosophy that caused him to be attracted to Djouka Mandich. She was twenty-five and Milutin was two years older. He married her in 1847. His attraction to the daughter of a pastor probably influenced his next choice of a career, for he then entered the ministry and was soon ordained a priest. He was made pastor of the church at Senj, an important seaport with facilities for a cultural life. He gave satisfaction, but apparently he achieved success among his parishioners on the basis of a pleasing personality and an understanding of problems rather than by using any great erudition in theological and ecclesiastical matters. A few years after he was placed in charge of this parish, a new archbishop, elevated to head of the diocese, wished to survey the capabilities of the priests in his charge and offered a prize for the best sermon preached on his oficial visit. The Rev. Milutin Tesla was bubbling over, at the time, with interest in labor as a major factor in social and economic problems. To preach a sermon on this topic was, from the viewpoint of expediency, a totally impractical thing to do. Nobody, however, had ever accused the Rev. Mr. Tesla of being practical, so doing the impractical thing was quite in harmony with his nature. He chose the subject which held his greatest interest; and when the archbishop arrived, he listened to a sermon on "Labor." Months later Senj was surprised by an unanticipated visit from the archbishop, who announced that the Rev. Mr. Tesla had preached the best sermon, and awarded him a red sash which he was privileged to wear on all occasions. Shortly afterward he was made pastor at Smiljan, where his parish then embraced forty homes. He was later placed in charge of the much larger parish in the nearby city of Gospic. His first three children, Milka, Dane and Angelina, were born at Senj. Nikola and his younger sister, Marica, were born at Smiljan. Tesla's early environment, then, was that of an agricultural community in a high plateau region near the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea in the Velebit Mountains, a part of the Alps, a mountain chain stretching from Switzerland to Greece. He did not see his first steam locomotive until he was in his `teens, so his aptitude for mechanical matters did not grow out of his environment. Tesla's homeland is today called Yugoslavia, a country whose name means "Land of the Southern Slavs." It embraces several former separate countries, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Dalmatia and also Slovenia. The Tesla and Mandich families originally came from the western part of Serbia near Montenegro. Smiljan, the village where Tesla was born, is in the province of Lika, and at the time of his birth this was a dependent province held by the AustroHungarian Empire as part of Croatia and Slovenia. Tesla's surname dates back more than two and a half centuries. Before that time the family name was Draganic (pronounced as if spelled Drag'-a-nitch). The name Tesla (pronounced as spelled, with equal emphasis on both syllables), in a purely literal sense, is a trade name like Smith, firight or Carpenter. As a common noun it describes a woodworking tool which, in English, is called an adz. This is an axe with a broad cutting blade at right angles to the handle, instead of parallel as in the more familiar form. It is used in cutting large tree trunks into squared timbers. In the Serbo-Croat language, the name of the tool is tesla. There is a tradition in the Draganic family that the members of one branch were given the nickname "Tesla" because of an inherited trait which caused practically all of them to have very large, broad and protruding front teeth which greatly resembled the triangular blade of the adz. The name Draganic and derivatives of it appear frequently in other branches of the Tesla family as a given name. When used as a given name it is frequently translated "Charlotte," but as a generic term it holds the meaning "dear" and as a surname is translated "Darling." The majority of Tesla's ancestors for whom age records are available lived well beyond the average span of life for their times, but no definite record has been found of the ancestor who, Tesla claimed, lived to be one hundred and forty years of age. (His father died at the age of fiftynine, and his mother at seventy-one.) Although many of Tesla's ancestors were dark eyed, his eyes were a gray-blue. He claimed his eyes were originally darker, but that as a result of the excessive use of his brain their color changed. His mother's eyes, however, were gray and so are those of some of his nephews. It is probable, therefore, that his gray eyes were inherited, rather than faded by excessive use of the brain. Tesla grew to be very tall and very slender--tallness was a family and a national trait. When he attained full growth he was exactly two meters, or six feet two and one-quarter inches tall. while his body was slender, it was built within normal proportions. His hands, however, and particularly his thumbs, seemed unusually long. Nikola's older brother Dane was a brilliant boy and his parents gloried in their good fortune in being blessed with such a fine son. There was, however, a difference of seven years in the two boys' ages, and since the elder brother died as the result of an accident at the age of twelve, when Nikola was but five years old, a fair comparison of the two seems hardly possible. The loss of their first-born son was a great blow to his mother and father; the grief and regrets of the family were manifest in idealizing his talents and predicting possibilities of greatness he might have realized, and this situation was a challenge to Nikola in his youth. The superman Tesla developed out of the superboy Nikola. Forced to rise above the normal level by an urge to carry on for his dearly beloved departed brother, and also on his own account to exceed the great accomplishment his brother might have attained had he lived, he unconsciously drew upon strange resources within. The existence of these resources might have remained unsuspected for a lifetime, as happens with the run of individuals, if Nikola had not felt the necessity for creating a larger sphere of life for himself. He was aware as a boy that he was not like other boys in his thoughts, in his amusements and in his hobbies. He could do the things that other lads his age usually do, and many things that they could not do. It was these latter things that interested him most, and he could find no companions who would share his enthusiasms for them. This situation caused him to isolate himself from contemporaries, and made him aware that he was destined for an unusual place if not great accomplishments in life. His boyish mind was continually exploring realms which his years had not reached, and his boyhood attainments frequently were worthy of men of mature age. He had, of course, the usual experience of unusual incidents that fall to the lot of a small boy. One of the earliest events which Tesla recalled was a fall into a tank of hot milk that was being scalded in the process used by the natives of that region as a hygienic measure, anticipating the modern process of pasteurizing. Shortly afterward he was accidentally locked in a remote mountain chapel which was visited only at widely separated intervals. He spent the night in the small building before his absence was discovered and his possible hiding place determined. Living close to Nature, with ample opportunity for observing the flight of birds, which has ever filled men with envy, he did what many another boy has done with the same results. An umbrella, plus imagination, offered to him a certain solution of the problem of free flight through the air. The roof of a barn was his launching platform. The umbrella was large, but its condition was much the worse for many years of service; it turned inside out before the flight was well started. No bones were broken, but he was badly shaken up and spent the next six weeks in bed. Probably, though, he had better reason for making this experiment than most of the others who have tried it. He revealed that practically all his life he experienced a
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